- BCO1 – affects activation of vitamin A
- NBPF3 – increases clearance of vitamin B6 from the body
- FUT2 – reduces absorption of vitamin B12 in the gut
- SLC23A1 – decreases vitamin C absorption and distribution
- CYP2R1 – reduces activation of vitamin D
- GC – reduces efficiency of vitamin D transport and uptake
- APOA5 – influences vitamin E levels
- MTHFD1 – linked to folate-related disorders
- MTHFR – affects activation of folate
- TMPRSS6 – influences iron absorption from the diet
- TF – influences iron transport
- NOS3 – influences triglyceride levels when omega-3 is low
- MC4R – disrupts appetite suppression
- NMB – associated with food disinhibition
- FTO – influences energy intake, diet impact and satiety
- SH2B1 – interrupts a satiety hormone signalling pathway
- BDNF – influences exercise motivation
- APOA2 – alters saturated fat metabolism
- AMY1 – reduces the ability to digest starch
- FABP2 – increases fatty acid uptake
- ADIPOQ – disrupts normal glucose regulation
- ADRB2 – affects weight loss in response to exercise
- CLOCK – disrupts the normal circadian rhythm
- AGT – blood pressure regulation and growth hormone levels
- IL6 – inflammation, bone and muscle growth
- ACTN3 – the “sprinter gene”
- ACE – blood pressure regulation and muscle efficiency
- ADRB2 – turning off the fight or flight response
- PPARA – slow-twitch versus fast-twitch muscle fibres
- PPARD – fat burning for energy and improving “good” cholesterol
- ACVR1B – muscle strength
- VEGFA – blood vessel formation to improve oxygen supply
- PPARGC1A – aerobic capacity improvements
- MCT1 – ability to use lactate as an energy source
- BDNF – exercise motivation
- CRP – heart rate recovery
- COL1A1 – risk of soft tissue injury
- COL5A1 – risk of Achilles tendinopathy
- COMT – pain tolerance and required morphine dose